Nepal profile

Facts

A Sadhu - Hindu holy man - prepares for a religious festival

Population: 30.5 million (UN, 2011)
Capital: Kathmandu
Area: 147,181 sq km (56,827 sq miles)
Major language: Nepali
Major religions: Hinduism, Buddhism
Life expectancy: 68 years (men), 70 years (women) (UN)
Monetary unit: 1 Nepalese rupee = 100 paisa
Main exports: Carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain
GNI per capita: US $540 (World Bank, 2011)
Internet domain: .np
International dialling code: +977

LABOR LAWS IN NEPAL

LABOR LAWS IN THE KINGDOM OF NEPAL

 

The Labour Act, 1992 lays down the legal framework and the basis for the rules, regulations and guidance on the proper management of any establishment employing 10 persons or more.

 

It deals with matters relating to employment and security of employment, working hours and minimum wages, welfare of employees, employer employee relations and the settlement of labour disputes.

 

Labour Regulation, 1993 complements the Labour Act with further clarification in issues such as security of profession and service, remuneration and welfare provision, health, cleanliness and safety, etc.

 

The Bonus Act of 1974 provides a legal basis for the payment of bonus to the workers and employees of factories and commercial establishments.

 

WAGES AND SALARIES

 

The low cost of living enables workers to offer their services at relatively low wage rates. The minimum wage rates set by the government are generally lower than the going wage rates for workers. Salaries of middle management executives, technical grade officers, engineers and other professionals are generally lower than in other developing countries. Permanent employees of a factory should contribute 10 percent of the monthly salary to a provident fund and the management should make a matching contribution. Gratuities are payable to workers who have worked for over 3 years.

 

Working Hours, Holidays

 

Normal working hours are fixed at 48 hours per week, 8 hours a day. Continuous working hours should not exceed 5 hours. There should be a break of half an hour. Overtime work is remunerated at one and a half times the normal wage. In addition to 13 public holidays, permanent workers are entitled to one day's home leave for every 20 days, 15 days medical leave with half pay and one month special leave without pay every year. Female employees are entitled to 52 days maternity leave with full pay. Such maternity leave shall be granted only twice during the entire period of service. The compulsory retiring age for workers is 55. However, in the case of a skilled worker whose service is indispensable, the retirement age could be extended up to 60 years.

 

CHILD LABOR LAWS

 

Nepal's law establishes a minimum age for employment of children at 14 years. The Constitution of Nepal stipulates that children shall not be employed in factories, mines, or similar hazardous work. The Constitution also forbids slavery, bonded labor, and the trafficking of individuals.

 

Other important child labor laws include the Children's Rights and Welfare Act 1992. This Act defines child as a person who has not reached the age of 16. Article 17 prohibits the employment of children who have not attained the age of 14 years. This legislation prohibits forced labor, requires equal remuneration for equal work (Art. 17), and prohibits employment of children in hazardous work (Art. 18). Child laborers are entitled to leisure for a half-hour for every three hours of work, and one day off every week (Art. 47). The Labor Act of 1992 prohibits employment of minors under 14 years of age and regulates the work hours of "minors" between the ages of 14 to 18. This Act applies to children working in urban industries and provides for labor inspectors in each district.

 

The Nepal Department of Labor has a "spotty" enforcement record. However, the government's action has been inadequate to reduce the incidence of child labor. Although factories were "penalized" for employing children, sanctions were never enforced.

 

EDUCATION FOR CHILD WORKERS

 

Education is not compulsory in Nepal. The government has a stated policy of providing free education through the 6th grade, but this policy reportedly is not implemented. Anti-Slavery International and Child Workers in Nepal (CWIN) states that the government offers free tuition and textbooks and tuition for children in grades one to three, and grades four and five for children in rural areas. Parents, however, still have to provide stationary, which can amount to rupees 200 (approximately $4.54) per child per year. This is a substantial financial burden, especially on poor families. Moreover, access to schools is limited, especially in rural areas, and most schools have no latrines or drinking water.

 

SOCIAL SECURITY

 

In Nepal, wage structure is very weak and limited. Incentive earnings are very few and limited to a few enterprises. Fringe benefits like residence facility or allowance, Medicare, educational facilities for the children, transportation, ration, child care centres, entertainment, life insurance, credit facilities etc. are limited to a few establishments and are far from the access of the workers of most of the industries and services.

 

A few provisions of social security have been included in the Labour Act 1992. Among them are sick leave, maternity leave of 45 days, workmen's compensation, provident fund & gratuity as the old age benefit. Besides, Childcare centres, canteen and welfare officer in every enterprise are other provisions.

 

But the Act covers the establishments with more than 10 workers & the industrial estates and hence too limited in its coverage. Moreover, the responsibility of these provisions is solely left to the employers. The schemes of social insurance or security based on funds created by the tripartite contributions of workers, employers and the government are non-existent. Thus, we are in a phase of infancy with regard to social security.

Nepal Citizenship Law

Citizenship Law

ARTICLE 8. Citizenship at the Commencement of the Constitution:
(1) Persons who have acquired citizenship at the commencement of this Constitution and the persons who are eligible to acquire citizenship by virtue of the provisions of this Part shall be the citizens of Nepal.
(2) At the commencement of this Constitution, the following persons who have their domicile in Nepal shall be deemed to be citizens of Nepal by descent:

1. a person who has acquired citizenship by descent before the commencement of this Constitution,
2. any person whose father or mother is a citizen of Nepal at the birth of such person.

(3) Every child who is found within the territory of Nepal and the whereabouts of whose parents are not known shall, until the father or mother of the child is traced, be deemed to be a citizen of Nepal by descent.
(4) Whenever any territory is acquired by way of incorporation into Nepal, every person having his domicile within such territory shall become a citizen of Nepal, subject to the provisions of the laws in force.
(5) Any person born till the end of Chaitra, 2046 (mid April, 1990) and has been residing permanently in Nepal shall acquire the citizenship of Nepal by birth as per the laws in force. Provided, that application to that effect shall be submitted within the timeframe prescribed for onetime as per the provision of the laws in force.
(6) A woman of foreign nationality who has a matrimonial relationship with a Nepalese citizen may acquire naturalized citizenship, if she desires to do so, pursuant to the laws in force.
(7) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Article in the case of a person born to the women citizen of Nepal married to a foreigner, if such a person is born in Nepal and has been residing permanently in Nepal who has not acquired citizenship of the foreign country by virtue of the citizenship of his/her father he/she may acquire the naturalized citizenship of Nepal pursuant to the laws in force.

ARTICLE  9. Naturalized or Honorary Citizenship:
Except as provided for in Article 8, the Government of Nepal may grant naturalized or honorary Nepalese citizenship as per the provision of the law.

ARTICLE 10. Acquisition and Termination of Citizenship:
Other necessary provisions including the acquisition and termination of the citizenship shall be as provided for in the laws.

ARTICLE 11. Citizenship Team to be Assigned:
Government of Nepal shall assign Citizenship Distribution Team to provide citizenship to the persons eligible to acquire citizenship as provided for in the laws in force.

Govt. agencies and Taxation Contacts Nepal

Contacts Nepal Company Registrar's Office Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel : 259961,259948,263090 Fax: 977-1-259961  Trade Promotion Centre P. O. Box 825, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal Tel : 525348,525362 Fax : 977-1-525464 Ministry of Works and Transports Babar Mahal, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel : 262537 Fax: 977-1-262531 The Department of Immigration Bhrikutimandap, Kathmandu., Nepal Tel : +977-1-4223590/4222453/4223681/4221996/ 4224757 Fax : +977-1-4223127 Email : deptimi@ntc.net.np Web: http://www.immi.gov.np Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation Bhrikutimandap, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel. No.: 4256-226, 4256-234, 4256-231, 4256232 Ext. 211 Fax No.: 4227281 E-mail : info@tourism.gov.np Employment Promotion Commission P.O. Box: 13276, Kupondol, Lalitpur,Nepal Tel: 548082, 525031, Fax: 977-1-548186 Email: rojgar@enet.com.np Ministry of Population and Environment Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. Phone: +977-1-4245 367 / 368 / 369 Fax: +977-1-4242 138 Email: info@mope.gov.np Export Promotion Board Babarmahal, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: +(977) 1 4220709 Fax: +(977) 1 4247094 Email: epb@yomari.com Financial Comptroller General Office Anamnagar, Kathmandu Nepal Phone no: 977-1-4438545 977-1-4438537 977-1-4414325 Fax No: 977-1-4414651 Email: fcgo@most.gov.np Film Development Board, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal P.O.Box No: 21186, Phone No: 4242420 4241519 4241264 Fax: 977-1-4241187 E-mail: fdb@wlink.com.np Nepal US Chamber of Commerce & Industry P.O. Box 2769, TNT Building, Tinkune, Koteshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel : 478020 ,474508 Fax : 977-1-478020 Email : nusacci@mos.com.np Nepal India Chamber of Commerce & Industry P.O.Box : 13245, Shahid Shukra Brikshya, Teku, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel : 250607, 250642 Fax : 977-1-250642,272201 Nepal Russia Chamber of Commerce & Industry Chha 2-724, Thamel, Sallaghari, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel : 411023 Fax: 977-1-249158 Email: kamaz@gayatree.mos.com.np

Visa & Immigration Law Nepal

VISAS

 

The entry into the kingdom of Nepal is possible only after obtaining a Visa. The embassy of Kingdom of Nepal issues the following types of visa to different categories of people:

1. Diplomatic visa- for diplomats and foreign consulars
2. Official visa
3. Tourist visa
4. Non- tourist Visa
5. Study Visa
6. Business Visa
7. Residential visa
8. Non-Residential visa
9. Transit Visa

DIPLOMATIC VISA

 

Diplomatic passport holders and their family members recommended from the concerned foreign diplomatic mission and considered fit to be granted diplomatic privileges by His Majesty's Government.

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs may issues the Diplomatic Visa. However, that the diplomatic missions of His Majesty's Government of Nepal or the Immigration offices at the entry point may issue the diplomatic visa (as an entry visa for a period of 30 days).

 

OFFICIAL VISA

 

The official visa shall be granted to the persons considered fit by His Majesty's Government and their family and to the following foreigners and their family upon recommendation of the concerned diplomatic mission:

1. Administrative,
2. Technical and non-diplomatic officials serving in a residential or non-residential diplomatic missions,
3. Consulate for Nepal and incumbent Nepalese honorary Consul Generals, Consuls and their family who visit Nepal from a foreign country
4. Consultant experts who stay in Nepal under an agreement with his Majesty's Government
5. Employees serving in the Nepal based offices of the United Nations or its agencies and the persons holding the laissez passez granted by the United Nations.
6. Employees serving in the international institutions or regional organizations located in Nepal.

The ministry of foreign affairs usually issues the official Visa. However, that the diplomatic missions of His Majesty's Government of Nepal or the Immigration offices at the entry point may issue the official visa (as an entry visa for a period of 30 days).

 

TOURIST VISA

 

Tourist who intends to visit Nepal must hold valid passport and visa. Tourist entry visa can be obtained for the following duration from Royal Nepalese Embassy or Consulate or other mission offices or at the following immigration offices in Nepal.

 

Visa Extension

 

A tourist visa can be extended upto 120 days from the Department of Immigration in Kathmandu and Pokhara Immigration Office on request. Thereafter an additional 30 days can be extended from Department of Immigration ensuring that tourist visa cannot be extended more than 150 days.

 

Fees

 

Visa fee for visitors who enter Nepal for the first time in a visa year
(Jan-Dec):

1. A single entry visa costs US$30 or equivalent convertible foreign currency and duration of which is 60 days from the date of entry.
2. Multiple entry facility can be obtained paying additional US$ 50 or equivalent convertible foreign currency. The facility will be valid for a visa year (Jan-Dec) if the visa period is valid.

Extention Fee

1. Tourist visa extension fee for 30 days: US$ 30 in equivalent Nepalese currency.
2. Tourist visa extention with multiple entry facility: Multiple entry facility can be obtained paying additional US$ 50 or equivalent convertible foreign currency. The facility will be valid for a visa year (Jan-Dec) if the visa period is valid.

NON TOURIST VISA

 

Following foreigners and their family members may apply for this type of Visa

1. Foreigners involved in the social and economic development works approved by His Majesty's Government, under the expenses to be borne by governmental institutions of the foreign friendly nations;
2. Foreigners having obtained recommendation from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to work in the institutions run by the foreign missions located in Nepal,
3. Foreign representatives having obtained recommendation from the Ministry of Information and Communications to work in foreign newspapers and news agencies,
4. Foreigners having obtained recommendation from the concerned Ministry to act as helpers of the foreigners having obtained diplomatic or official visas,
5. Foreigners having obtained approval from His Majesty's Government to work on remuneration basis in any firm, company, association, industry or enterprise within the Kingdom of Nepal,
6. Foreigners having obtained recommendation from the Ministry concerned to work in any international airlines organisation located in the Kingdom of Nepal,
7. Foreign importer visiting Nepal from third country on the recommendation of foreign governmental agency or Federation of Industries or Chamber of Commerce of Foreign Country,
8. Foreigners who have marital relation with the citizens of Nepal and furnish the marriage registration certificate. If any foreigner of Nepali origin or a foreign passport holder issue of a Nepalese father or mother is to come to Nepal to visit any relatives.
9. Foreigners who come to Nepal to work, on the recommendation of the concerned Ministry pursuant to an agreement or understanding agreed upon at governmental or non governmental level,
10. Foreigners having obtained recommendation of the concerned Ministry to conduct feasibility study of an industry or enterprise for a period not exceeding 6 months.
11. Group leader of the foreigners making application, accompanied by the recommendation of the Ministry concerned, for making the tourists' tour in group in Nepal.
12. Such Foreigners as may be thought fit by His Majesty's Government of Nepal.

Documents required

1. Recommendation from the concerned Ministry or Department.
2. Work permit (for the employees).
3. Six Copies of application forms with photographs.
4. A copy of passport including the copy of last Nepalese Visa.
5. A marriage certificate from the concerned authority to obtain NT visa on the grounds of marriage.
6. A relation certificate from the competent authority to obtain NT Visa on the grounds of relation.
7. Valid Press identity card issued from Department of Information.

Duration

This kind of visa is valid up to one year at one time (can be extended)

 

Issuing Authority

 

For the category (7) mentioned above- Royal Nepalese Embassy or Permanent Diplomatic Missions located in the foreign country or Director General, Department of Immigration. For all others- Department of Immigration

 

Fees

1. For journalist status Nepalese currency equivalent to US$ 10 per month.
2. For marriage status Nepalese currency equivalent to US$ 10 per month.
3. For Chinese worker of category (1) having work permit, - Nepalese currency equivalent to US$ 20 per month.
4. For the status of all other categories if otherwise not mentioned- Nepalese currency equivalent to US$ 60 per month for the first year and US$ 100 per month for succeeding year.

STUDY VISA

 

Following foreign students, research scholars, teachers and their family members who want to study, teach or conduct research works in any educational institute having obtained the approval of His Majesty's Govt.

 

Documents required to be produced by the applicant

1. Recommendation letter from the Ministry of Education and Sports of Nepal.
2. Bank encashment receipt or bank balance equivalent to US$ 3,000 per year or US$ 250 per month for applicants and US$ 2,000 for each family members.
3. Six copies of application forms with photographs.
4. One photocopy of passport including the copy of last Nepalese visa.

Duration

 

Normally this type of visas are issued for one year, however, it can be extended for the period of research or academic year.

 

Issuing Authority

 

The Department of Immigration of the Kingdom of Nepal issues this type of visa to the Student.

 

Fee

1. For Srilankan students Nepalese currency equivalent to US$ 9 per month or 7500.00 Srilankan Rupees per year.
2. For Bangladeshi students Nepalese currency equivalent to US$ 15 per year, with multiple re-entry.
3. For Maldivian students Neplaese currency equivalent to US $ 5 per month.
4. For Pakistani students Nepalese currency equivalent to US $ 15 per year for single entry and US $25 per year for multiple entry facility.
5. For the study visa except mentioned above, Nepalese currency equivalent to US $ 40 per month.

BUSINESS VISA

 

The business visa shall be granted to the following foreigners and their family members on the recommendation of concerned agency:

 

Foreigners having obtained license to make investment in any business or industrial enterprise within the Kingdom of Nepal or authorised representatives of such business or industrial enterprise.

 

Foreigners having obtained license to invest to carry on export trade from the Kingdom of Nepal.

 

Foreigners visiting Nepal from third country who export goods manufactured in Nepal through purchase or who place a purchase order for export license certificate to make investment in any business or industrial enterprise in the kingdom of Nepal.

 

Documents required

 

Recommendation from the concerned Ministry/Department.

 

Six copies of application forms with photographs.

 

A copy of passport including the last Nepalese visa.

 

Duration

 

The business visa is valid upto five years at one time. But the stay in Nepal is valid for 90 days only at a time.

 

Fee

 

A fee of US$ 100 for one year with multiple re-entry and US$ 250 for five years with multiple re-entry is to be paid for this kind of visa.

 

RESIDENTIAL VISA

 

Following foreigners and their family intending to spend life in the Kingdom of Nepal shall be granted the resindential visa.

1. Persons with international reputation,
2. Persons capable of rendering outstanding contribution to the economic, social and cultural growth of the Kingdom of Nepal,
3. Persons who have renounced the citizenship of Nepal and hold foreign passport with or without having obtained foreign citizenship and intend to settle down in Nepal,
4. Persons making investment of at least one million American Dollars at on time, in an industrial enterpise of Nepal,
5. Any foreigner intending to spend life in the Kingdom of Nepal without carrying on any business.

Documents required

1. Six copies of application forms with photographs.
2. Registration certificate of the industrial enterprise.
3. A copy of passport.
4. A copy of last Nepalese visa (if any).
5. Bank statement showing expenses equivalent to US$ 20,000.00 per year and
6. Health certificate ( only for those foreigners who are interested to settle down in Nepal, but are not engaged in any business).
7. No objection letter from consulate or embassy of their country.
8. Recommendation from Ministry of Home of Nepal.
9. Character Certificate from consulate, embassy or the Goverment of their country or the Nepalese Authority( for those who have stayed in Nepal in other visa).

A completed application may be submitted with the Royal Nepalese Diplomatic Missions or Embassy abroad or Department of Immigration in Nepal. However the Department of Immigration with the approval from His Majesty's Government of Nepal issues this type of Visa.

 

NON- RESIDENTIAL VISA

 

Any foreigner of Nepalese origin residing in foreign country who wish to reside or conduct business, profession or Study, teach in any subject in Nepal, non-residential Nepalese visa may be issued to him/her and of his/her family.

 

Documents required

1. Six copies of application forms with photographs.
2. A copy of passport.
3. A copy of last Nepalese visa ( if he/she have stayed in Nepal).
4. Health certificate
5. Recommendation letter of relationship from the concerned Embassy or village development committe or municipality
6. In case of student status of this visa recommandation from school or college or research institutions.

Applications

 

Royal Nepalese Diplomatic Missions or Embassy abroad. Department of Immigration in Nepal.

 

Duration

 

The duration of the non-residentional type of visas are generally upto 10 years, can be extended.

 

Issuing Authority

 

The Department of Immigration with the approval from His Majesty's Gevornment of Nepal.

 

Renewal Authority

 

The Department of Immigration is the final issuing authority of a non-residential visa.

 

Fee

 

Issuance fee US$ 100 per year. For Student status of this visa category fee is US$ 50 per year. The visa fee is waived for those who are less than 16 years of age.

 

TRANSIT VISA

 

The visa, generally for a period of one week, shall be issued to any foreigner who has departed from the Kingdom of Nepal and whose entry has been rejected and who has been sent back by any country to Nepal or to any foreigner traveling in an aircraft having landed in Nepal casually due to any reason.

 

Fees

 

The fee needs to be paid for transit visa is US$ 5.00 (five only).

 

CITIZENSHIP

 

At the commencement of the Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, the following persons who have their domicile in Nepal shall be deemed to be citizens of Nepal:

1. any person who is a citizen of Nepal by virtue of Article 7 of the Constitution of Nepal (1962) or section 3 of the Nepal Citizenship Act, 1964,
2. any person who has acquired naturalized citizenship of Nepal by virtue of section 6 of the Nepal Citizenship Act, 1964.

A person who is born after the commencement of the Constitution and whose father is a citizen of Nepal at the birth of the child shall be a citizen of Nepal by descent.

 

Every child who is found within the Kingdom of Nepal and the whereabouts of whose parents are not known shall, until the father of the child is traced, be deemed to be a citizen of Nepal by descent.

 

Whenever any territory is acquired by way of incorporation into the Kingdom of Nepal, every person having his domicile within such territory shall become a citizen of Nepal, subject to the provisions of existing laws.

 

ACQUISITION OF NEPALI CITIZENSHIP BY BIRTH

 

In case the father of any person who is born after the commencement of this act is a citizen of Nepal at the time of the latter's birth, such person shall be a citizen of Nepal jus sanguinis.

 

Any child who is found within the territory of Nepal but the whereabouts of whose parents aren't known shall be deemed to be the citizen of Nepal jus snaguinis until the father of the child is traced.

 

Any minor born within a reasonable time father death of his father shall be deemed to retain the status of the father existing at the time of his father's death.

 

ACQUISITION OF NATURALIZED NEPALI CITIZENSHIP

 

In case any foreign national, other than a minor or an insane person, has fulfilled the following conditions and requirements, he may submit an application in the prescribed form to the prescribed authority for obtaining a certificate of Nepali citizenship.

1. He can speak and write in the national language of Nepali.
2. He is engaged in any occupation in Nepal.
3. He has relinquished his citizenship of another state.
4. He has resided in Nepal for at least 15 years.
5. He is a citizen of a country where there is legal provision or a custom to provide naturalized citizenship to Nepali nationals: and
6. He is of good conduct and character.

In case a foreign woman who has matrimonial relations with a Nepali national desires to obtain Nepali citizenship, she must submit an application in the prescribed form to the prescribed authority. She shall enclose along with such application evidence of her matrimonial relations with a Nepali national, and of having initiated action to relinquish her foreign citizenship.

 

In case any person who is the son, daughter or descendant of any Nepali national desires to obtain the citizenship of Nepal, he must submit an application in the prescribed form to the prescribed authority along with evidence of having fulfilled the following conditions:

1. He can speak and write in the national language of Nepali;
2. He has relinquished the citizenship of another state;
3. He has been residing in the kingdom of Nepal for the past two years with the intention of residing here permanent; and
4. He is of good conduct, and character.

His Majesty's Government may grant naturalized citizenship of Nepal on payment of the prescribed fees to persons who have rendered special contributions, or are capable of rendering such contributions, in the fields of science, philosophy, art, literature, world peace, and human welfare, or Nepal's industry and economic progress.

A person who obtains naturalised citizenship under this section shall be make to take oath in the form prescribed in the Schedule and granted a certificate of Nepali citizenship in the prescribed form. Such person shall be a naturalized citizen of Nepal with effect from the date when he obtains such certificate

Responsibilities, Directive Principles And Policies Of The State

ARTICLE 33. Responsibilities of the State:
The State shall have the follows responsibilities:
(a) To focus all its attention to conduct a free and impartial election for the members of the Constituent Assembly within Jestha 2064 (by June, 2007), acknowledging the matter to practical guarantee that the sovereign powers of the State inherently lies upon the Nepali people.
(b) To ensure progressive political, economical and social change in the Country.
(c) To adopt a political system which is fully abides by the universally accepted concept of fundamental human rights, multi-party competitive democratic system, sovereign authority inherent in the people and supremacy of the people, constitutional balance and check, rule of law, social justice and equality, independence of judiciary, periodical election, monitoring by the civil society, full independence of press, right to information of the people, transparency and accountability in the activities of political parties, people’s participation, neutral, competent and clean administration and to maintain good governance by eliminating corruption and impunity.
(d) To carry out an inclusive, democratic and progressive restructuring of the State by eliminating its existing form of centralized and unitary structure in order to address the problems related to women, Dalits, indigenous tribes, Madhesis, oppressed and minority community and other disadvantaged groups, by eliminating class, caste, language, sex, culture, religion and regional discriminations.
(e) To formulate a minimum common program for socioeconomic transformation to eliminate all forms of feudalism and implement it gradually.
(f) To pursue a policy of adopting scientific land reform programs by gradually ending feudalistic land ownership.
(g) To follow a policy of protecting and promoting national industries and resources.
(h) To pursue a policy of establishing the rights of all citizens to education, health, housing, employment and food sovereignty.
(i) To adopt a policy of providing economic and social security including lands to economically and socially backward classes including the landless, bonded labourers, tillers and shepherds.
(j) To adopt a policy of taking severe action and punish the individuals who earns unjust wealth through corruption by holding a office of profit.
(k) To formulate a common development concept for socioeconomic transformation and justice, and for rapid economic progress and prosperity of the country.
(l) To follow a policy that increases investment for promoting industry, trade and export, and creates opportunity for employment and income generation, by ensuring the professional rights of labourers.
(m) To implement international treaties and agreements effectively, to which State is a party.
(n) To terminate all discriminatory laws.
(o) To use existing natural resources including water resources of the country for the interest of the nation.
(p) To make arrangements for appropriate relief, recognition and rehabilitation for the family of the deceased persons the disabled and helpless persons due to injury during the course of armed conflict.
(q) To provide relief to the families of the victims, on the basis of the report of the Investigation Commission constituted to investigate the cases of disappearances made during the course of the conflict.
(r) To conduct special programs to rehabilitate the displaced, to provide relief for damaged private and public property, and to rebuild infrastructures destroyed during the course of the conflict.
(s) To constitute a high-level Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the facts regarding grave violation of human rights and crimes against humanity committed during the course of conflict, and create an atmosphere of reconciliation in the society.

ARTICLE 34. Directive Principles of the State:
(1) It shall be the chief objective of the State to promote conditions of welfare on the basis of the principles of an open society, by establishing a just system in all aspect of national life, including social, economic and political life, while at the same time protecting the lives, property, equality and liberty of the people.
(2) It shall be the objective of the State to maintain conditions suitable to the enjoyment of the benefits of democracy through maximum participation of the people in the governance of the country by the means of self-governance tribal, linguistic cultural or regional and to promote general welfare by making provisions for the protection and promotion of human rights, by maintaining tranquility and order in the society.
(3) It shall be the political objective of the State to build a welloff and prosperous Nepal by institutionalizing democracy achieved as a result of the struggle of Nepali people and by creating an environment wherein its benefits could be enjoyed.
(4) The fundamental economic objective of the State shall be to transform the national economy into an independent and self-reliant system by preventing the available resources and means of the country from being concentrated within a limited section of society, by making arrangements for equitable distribution of economic gains based in social justice, by making such provisions as will prevent economic exploitation as well as economic disparity of any caste, sex, tribe, origin or individuals, and by giving preferential treatment and encouragement to national enterprises, both private and public.
(5) The social objective of the State shall be to establish and develop, on the foundation of justice and morality, a healthy social life, by eliminating all types of economic and social inequalities and by establishing harmony amongst the diverse castes, tribes, religions, languages, races, groups and communities.
(6) The state shall, in its international relations, shall be guided by the objective of enhancing the dignity of the nation in the international arena by maintaining the sovereignty, integrity and independence of the country.

ARTICLE 35. State Policies:  
(1) The State shall pursue a policy of raising the standards of living of the general public through the development of infrastructures such as education, health, transportation, housing, and employment of the people of all regions, by equitably distributing investment of economic resources for balanced development of the country.
(2) The State shall pursue a policy of economic development through the means of governmental, cooperatives and private sectors.
(3) The State shall, while maintaining the cultural diversity of the country, pursue a policy of strengthening the national unity by promoting healthy and cordial social relations, based on equality and coexistence, amongst the various religions, cultures, castes, groups, communities, origins and linguistic groups, and by helping in the equal promotion of their languages, literatures, scripts, arts and cultures.
(4) The State shall, while mobilizing the natural resources and heritage of the country that might be useful and beneficial to the interest of the nation, pursue a policy of giving priority to the local people.
(5) The State shall make necessary arrangements to maintain clean environment. The State shall give priority to the protection of the environment, and also to the prevention to its further damage due to physical development activities by increasing the awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness, and the State shall also make arrangements for the special protection of the environment and the rare wildlife. Provision shall be made for the protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, its sustainable use and for equitable distribution of the benefit derived from it.
(6) The State shall, by encouraging peasants and by increasing productivity, create conditions for economic progress of the majority of the people who are dependent on agriculture, and by launching land reform program, develop the agricultural sector as an industry.
(7) The State shall pursue a policy of increasing the participation of the labour force, the major socio-economic force in the country, in the management of enterprises by providing employment to it, ensuring their right to work, and thus protecting its rights and interests.
(8) The State shall pursue a policy of encouraging maximum participation of women in national development by making special provisions for their education, health and employment.
(9) The state shall pursue a policy of making special provisions of social security for the protection and welfare of single women, orphans, children, helpless, the aged, disabled, incapacitated persons and the disguising tribes.
(10) The State shall pursue a policy which will help to promote the interest of the marginalized communities and the peasants and labourers living below poverty line, including economically and socially backward indigenous tribes, Madhesis, Dalits, by making reservation for a certain period of time with regard to education, health, housing, food sovereignty and employment.
(11) The State shall, with a view to bringing about prosperity in the country, pursue a policy of giving priority to the development of science and technology, and shall also give due consideration to the development of local technology.
(12) The State shall, for the purpose of national development, pursue a policy of attracting foreign capital and technology, giving priority to the national investment.
(13) The State shall pursue the policy of creating conditions for the acceleration of the speed of rural development, keeping in view the welfare of the majority of the rural population.
(14) The State shall pursue a policy of making special provision based on positive discrimination to the minorities, landless, squatters, bonded labourers, disabled, backward communities and sections, and the victims of conflict, including women, Dalits, indigenous tribes, Madhesis and Muslims.
(15) The State shall pursue a policy of making provision of providing basic land to the liberated bonded labourers for settlement having determined their exact numbers.
(16) The State shall pursue a policy of making basic infrastructure to impart technical education, training and orientation for the development of a class of people dependent on labour including peasants and labourers, to seek their participation in the development process of the country.
(17) The State shall pursue a policy to make legal provision to provide allowance to the aged, incapacitated women and the unemployed.
(18) The State shall pursue a policy of modernizing the traditional knowledge, skills and practices existing in the country by identifying and protecting them.
(19)The State shall pursue a special policy to regulate the operation and management of public and non-governmental organizations established in the country.
(20) The State shall pursue a special policy to mobilize youth human resources for the development of the country.
(21) The state shall adopt the foreign policy of Nepal guided by the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, the Panchsheel, international laws and the norms of world peace.
(22) The State shall pursue a policy of making continuous efforts to institutionalize peace for Nepal through international recognition, by promoting cooperative and good relations in the economic, social and other spheres on the basis of equality with neighbouring and all other countries of the world.

ARTICLE 36. Questions not to be Raised in Courts:
(1) No questions shall be raised in any court as to whether provisions contained in this Part are implemented or not.
(2) The State shall mobilize or cause to be mobilized the required resources for the implementation of the principles and policies contained in this Part.

Fundamental Rights In Nepal

ARTICLE 12. Right to Freedom:
(1) Every person shall have the right to live with dignity, and no law shall be made which provides for capital punishment.
(2) No person shall be deprived of his/her personal liberty save in accordance with law.
(3) Every citizen shall have the following freedoms:

1. freedom of opinion and expression;
2. freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms;
3. freedom to form political party or organisations;
4. freedom to form unions and associations;
5. freedom to move and reside in any part of Nepal; and
6. freedom to practice any profession, or to carry on any occupation, industry, or trade.

Provided that,
(1) nothing in sub-clause (a) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of Nepal, or which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes, religion or communities, or on any act of defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offence; or on any act which may be contrary to decent public behaviour or morality.
(2) nothing in sub-clause (b) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty, integrity or law and order situation of Nepal.
(3) nothing in sub-clauses (c) and (d) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty and integrity of Nepal, which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes religion or communities, which may instigate violence, or which may be contrary to public morality.
(4) nothing in sub-clause (e) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws which are in the interest of the general public, or which are made to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may jeopardize the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes, religion or communities.
(5) nothing in sub-clause (f) shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose restriction on any act which may be contrary to public health or morality, to confer on the State the exclusive right to undertake specific industries, businesses or services; or to impose any condition or qualification for carrying on any industry, trade, profession or occupation.

ARTICLE 13. Right to Equality:
(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law. No person shall be denied the equal protection of the laws.
(2) No discrimination shall be made against any citizen in the application of general laws on grounds of religion, race, sex, caste, tribe, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these.
(3) The State shall not discriminate among citizens on grounds of religion, race, caste, tribe, sex, origin, language or ideological conviction or any of these.
Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of special provisions by law for the protection, empowerment or advancement of the interests of women, Dalit, indigenous ethnic tribes, Madeshi, or peasants, labourers or those who belong to a class which is economically, socially or culturally backward and children, the aged, disabled and those who are physically or mentally incapacitated.
(4) No discrimination in regard to remuneration and social security shall be made between men and women for the same work.

ARTICLE 14. Right against Untouchability and Racial Discrimination:
(1) No person shall, on the ground of caste, descent, community or occupation, be subject to racial discrimination and untouchability of any form. Such a discriminating act shall be liable to punishment and the victim shall be entitled to the compensation as provided by the law.
(2) No person shall, on the ground of caste or tribe, be deprived of the use of public services, conveniences or utilities, or be denied access to any public place, or public religious places, or be denied to perform any religious act.
(3) No person belonging to any particular caste or tribe shall, while producing or distributing any goods, services or conveniences, be prevented to purchase or acquire such goods, services or conveniences; or no such goods, services or conveniences shall be sold or distributed only to a person belonging to a particular caste or tribe.
(4) No one shall be allowed to demonstrate superiority or inferiority of any person or a group of persons belonging to any caste, tribe or origin; to justify social discrimination on the basis of cast and tribe, or to disseminate ideas based on caste superiority or hatred; or to encourage caste discrimination in any form.
(5) Any act contrary to the provisions of sub-clauses (2), (3) and (4) shall be punishable in accordance with law.

ARTICLE 15. Right Regarding Publication, Broadcasting and Press:
(1) No publication and broadcasting or printing of any news items, editorial, article, writings or other readings, audio-visual materials, by any means including electronic publication, broadcasting and press, shall be censored. Provided that nothing shall be deemed to prevent the making of laws to impose reasonable restrictions on any act which may undermine the sovereignty or integrity of Nepal, or which may jeopardise the harmonious relations subsisting among the peoples of various castes, tribes or communities; or on any act of sedition, defamation, contempt of court or incitement to an offence; or on any act which may be contrary to decent public behaviour or morality.
(2) No radio, television, online or any other types of digital or electronic means, press or any other communication media shall be closed, seized or be cancelled the registration because of publishing and broadcasting or printing any material by such means of audio, audio-visual or electronic equipments.
(3) No newspaper, periodical or press shall be closed, seized or be cancelled the registration for printing and publishing any news items, articles, editorial, writings or other reading materials.
(4) No communication means including press, electronic broadcasting and telephone shall be obstructed except in accordance with law.

ARTICLE 16. Right Regarding Environment and Health:
(1) Every person shall have the right to live in clean environment.
(2) Every citizen shall have the right to get basic health service free of cost from the State as provided for in the law.

ARTICLE 17. Education and Cultural Right:
(1) Each community shall have the right to get basic education in their mother tongue as provided for in the law.
(2) Every citizen shall have the right to free education from the State up to secondary level as provided for in the law.
(3) Each community residing in Nepal shall have the right to preserve and promote its language, script, culture, cultural civility and heritage.

ARTICLE 18. Right regarding Employment and Social Security :
(1) Every citizen shall have the right to employment as provided for in the law.
(2) Women, labourers, the aged, disabled as well as incapacitated and helpless citizens shall have the right to social security as provided for in the law.
(3) Every citizen shall have the right to food sovereignty as provided for in the law.

ARTICLE 19. Right to Property:
(1) Every citizen shall, subject to the laws in force, have the right to acquire, own, sell and otherwise dispose of the property.
(2) The State shall not, except in the public interest, requisition, acquire, or create any encumbrance on the property of any person.
Provided that this clause shall not be applicable on property acquired through illegal means.
(3) Compensation shall be provided for any property requisitioned, acquired or encumbered by the State in implementing scientific land reform programme or in public interest in accordance with law. The compensation and basis thereof and operation procedure shall be as prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 20. Right of Woman:
(1) No one shall be discriminated in any form merely for being a woman.
(2) Every woman shall have the right to reproductive health and other reproductive matters.
(3) No physical, mental or any other form of violence shall be inflicted to any woman, and such an act shall be punishable by law.
(4) Son and daughter shall have equal rights to their ancestral property.

ARTICLE 21. Right to Social Justice:
(1) Women, Dalit, indigenous tribes, Madheshi community, oppressed group, the poor peasant and labourers, who are economically, socially or educationally backward, shall have the right to participate in the state mechanism on the basis of proportional inclusive principles.

ARTICLE 22. Right of Child:
(1) Every child shall have the right to his/her own identity and name.
(2) Every child shall have the right to get nurtured, basic health and social security.
(3) Every child shall have the right against physical, mental or any other form of exploitation. Any such an act of exploitation shall be punishable by law and the child so treated shall be compensated in a manner as determined by law.
(4) Helpless, orphan, mentally retarded, conflict victims, displaced, vulnerable and street children shall have the right to get special privileges from the State to their secured future.
(5) No minor shall be employed in factories, mines or in any other such hazardous work or shall be used in army, police or in conflicts.

ARTICLE 23. Right to Religion:
(1) Every person shall have the right to profess, practise and preserve his/her own religion as handed down to him/her from ancient times having due regards to the social and cultural traditional practices. Provided that no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another, and shall not act or behave in a manner which may jeopardize the religion of others.
(2) Every religious denomination shall have the right to maintain its independent existence, and for this purpose to manage and protect its religious places and religious trusts, in accordance with law.

ARTICLE 24. Rights Regarding to Justice:
(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed of the ground for such arrest.
(2) The person who is arrested shall have the right to consult a legal practitioner of his/her choice at the time of the arrest. The consultation made by such a person with the legal practitioner and the advice given thereon shall remain confidential, and such a person shall not be denied the right to be defended through his/her legal practitioner. Explanation: For the purpose of this clause, the words "legal practitioner" means any person who is authorized by law to represent any person in any court.
(3) Every person who is arrested shall be produced before a judicial authority within a period of twenty-four hours after such arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to such authority, and no such a person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period except on the order of such authority. Provided that nothing in clauses (2) and (3) shall apply to preventive detention or to a citizen of an enemy state.
(4) No person shall be punished for an act which was not punishable by law when the act was committed, nor shall any person be subjected to a punishment greater than that prescribed by the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
(5) No person accused of any offence shall be assumed as an offender until proved guilty committed by him.
(6) No person shall be prosecuted or punished for the same offence in a court of law more than once.
(7) No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against oneself.
(8) Every person shall have the right to be informed about the proceedings of the trail conducted against him/her.
(9) Every person shall be entitled to a fair trial by a competent court or judicial authority.
(10) The indigent person shall have the right to free legal aid in accordance with law.

ARTICLE 25. Right against Preventive Detention:
(1) No person shall be held under preventive detention unless there is a sufficient ground of existence of an immediate threat to the sovereignty and integrity or law and order situation of Nepal.
(2) Any person held under preventive detention shall, if his/her detention was contrary to the law or was in bad faith, have the right to be compensated in a manner as prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 26. Right against Torture:
(1) No person who is detained during investigation, or for trial or for any other reason shall be subjected to physical or mental torture, nor shall be given any cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.
(2) Any such an action pursuant to clause (1) shall be punishable by law, and any person so treated shall be compensated in a manner as determined by law.

ARTICLE 27. Right to Information:  
(1) Every citizen shall have the right to demand or obtain information on any matters of his/her own or of public importance. Provided that nothing shall compel any person to provide information on any matter about which secrecy is to be maintained by law.

ARTICLE 28. Right to Privacy:
(1) Except on the circumstance as provided by law, the privacy of the person, residence, property, document, statistics, correspondence and character of anyone is inviolable.

ARTICLE 29. Right against Exploitation:
(1) Every person shall have the right against exploitation.
(2) Exploitation on the basis of custom, tradition and convention or in any manner is prohibited.
(3) Traffic in human beings, slavery or serfdom is prohibited.
(4) Force labour in any form is prohibited. Provided that nothing in this clause shall prevent for enacting a law allowing the citizen to be engaged in compulsory service for public purposes.

ARTICLE 30. Right Regarding Labour:
(1) Every employee and worker shall have the right to proper work practice.
(2) Every employee and worker shall have the right to form trade unions, to organise themselves and to perform collective bargaining for the protection of their interest in accordance with law.

ARTICLE 31. Right against Exile:
(1) No citizen shall be exiled.

ARTICLE 32. Right to Constitutional Remedy:
The right to proceed in the manner set forth in Article 107 for the enforcement of the rights conferred in this part is guaranteed.

Courts Law Nepal

COURTS SYSTEM IN NEPAL

 

The Constitution provides three tiers of Court which include the Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Nepal, the Court of Appeal and the District Courts. There is no distinction between Criminal and Civil Court except some basic procedures.

 

District Court is the Court of first instance upon which Court of Appeal hear appeal. In addition to these regular courts there is provision in constitution to establish special types of courts or tribunals for the purpose of hearing special types of cases by the law. According to these provision there are four Revenue Tribunals, one Administrative Court, one Labor Court and one special court are functioning under the respective laws. These institutions are under the judicial control of the Supreme Court.

 

POWER AND FUNCTIONS OF SUPREME COURT

 

The Supreme Court has both judicial and extra judicial powers. The judicial powers include the power of hearing the writ petitions, the power of hearing appeal, the power of reviewing its own judgments, the power to revise the judgments delivered by the Court of Appeal and the power to try certain cases (as specified by law).

 

The extra judicial powers include the power of rendering advice to HM the King (if HM the King so wishes), the power of making rules, administration of all the Court of Appeal and all the District Courts, formulating policies and programmes regarding judicial administration, managerial reforms in various courts, the publication and dissemination of the Supreme Court decisions.

 

The judicial power of the Supreme Court is being used through the composition of the various types of benches. They are called as Single Bench, Division Bench, Full Bench and Special Bench. Jurisdictions of the different benches are as follows;

 

Special Bench

 

The jurisdiction of the special bench is to hear the petition concerning the constitutionality of the law. Similarly to provide advisory opinion to the His Majesty the King falls under the jurisdiction of the Special bench. Further, any cases referred to special bench by Chief Justice of Nepal are to be heard by this bench.

 

Full Bench

 

The Full Bench is composed of three or more judges. The jurisdiction of the full bench is to render the final decision upon the cases which have not unanimity in the dicision of the devision bench or the cases which is referred to the full bench because of presence of serious issue of interpretation of law or legal principles by division bench or by the Chief Justice. The chief justice may referred any cases to the full bench if he thinks the case is fit to be heard by the full bench.

 

Division Bench

 

The Bench composed by two judges is called division bench. Most of the cases run through this bench. The jurisdiction of this bench is to hear the appeal filed after the decision of the Court of Appeal, to hear the writ petition, to make review of its own judgements and to make revision of the decision of the court of Appeal as specified by the law.

 

Single Bench

 

Single Bench is formed of a single judge. Prima facie hearing of the writ petition, petition filed against the interim and interlocutory order of the inferior court, petition against the order of the Registrar concerning procedure of the cases and any other application which does not falls under the jurisdiction of the special, full or division bench falls under the jurisdiction of the single bench.

 

JUDICIAL POWERS OF SUPREME COURT

 

Power of Hearing Writ Petitions

 

The Supreme Court is the guardian of the Constitution. Basically, it is responsible for the protection of human rights of the people. Legal and judicial remedies against the violation of the fundamental rights are provided under the original writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The writ jurisdiction is commonly known as extraordinary jurisdiction of the Court.

 

The Supreme Court to issues writs (applicable to the respective issues) such as the writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, Quo-warranto and Prohibition. The writs are issued particularly in the following conditions:

1. If any illegal restriction is made against the fundamental rights of the people,
2. If any legal remedy is not available under any law or the remedy available under the law is inadequate or ineffective, and
3. If any issue relating to public rights or interest requires constitutional or legal resolution.

Power of Hearing Appeal

 

The Constitution has given the power to hear appeals (as specified by the law) against the final decisions of the Court of Appeal. The following cases fall under the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court:

1. Cases decided by the Court of Appeal under their original jurisdiction,
2. If the Court of Appeal overrules the decision of the District Court with a substantially different effect,
3. Cases in which more than 10 years of imprisonment was imposed by a subordinate court, and
4. Cases referred to the Supreme Court by the Court of Appeal (i.e. in cases of sentencing for life imprisonment or life imprisonment with confiscation of properties).

Power to review its own judgments

 

The Constitution has given the power to review its own judgments as specified by the law. The judgments delivered by the Supreme Court may be reviewed on any of the following grounds:

1. If any new evidence which could make substantial difference to the decision is found after the delivery of judgment.
2. If any legal remedy is not available under any law or the remedy available under the law is inadequate or ineffective, and

Power to Revise the Decisions of the Court of Appeal

The Supreme Court has power to revise the final decisions (which are non appellable) of the Court of Appeal on the following grounds:

1. In case there is a serious error in the interpretation of any provision of the Constitution or any other law,
2. In case the decision made is in contrary to the precedents or it has been misinterpreted,
3. If public (right of) property was affected due to misinterpretation of evidence (in the process of formulating decision) and,
4. If substantive difference in the judgment is deemed to have occurred due to the absence of proper legal representation, in a case where a party is a minor or woman or old or disabled or mentally incapacitated person.

EXTRA JUDICIAL POWERS

 

The extra judicial power of the Supreme court of the Kingdom off Nepal are as follows:

 

Power to Render Opinion to His Majesty the King

 

His Majesty the King may ask the Supreme Court for its opinion on genuine constitutional and legal questions. The Supreme Court may submit its opinion to those inquiries.

 

Power of Making Rules

 

The Supreme Court has power to make rules on the procedural, managerial and administrative functions of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the District Courts. The Supreme Court is authorized to make rules relating to the Supreme Court, and also empowered to make rules relating to the Court of Appeal and the District Courts.

 

Power to Formulate Judicial Policies

 

Full Court is the principal policy making body of the Nepalese judiciary which consist of all the justices of the Supreme Court. On many occasions the Supreme Court has formulated policies and developed plans and programmes towards judicial reforms and court management system.

 

COURT OF APPEAL

 

The Court of Appeal is empowered to hear appeals, writ petitions and try certain cases under their respective jurisdiction. The Court hears appeal against the judgments delivered by the District Courts and various quasi judicial bodies.

 

The Court issues the writs of Habeas Corpus and Mandamus in the cases of violation of civil rights of individual. Similarly, the Court may issue an order of injunction for this purpose.

 

The court of Appeal has the power to try certain cases as specified by law. Likewise, this Court shall try the cases transferred by the Supreme Court (from among the cases filed in the District Courts) taking into consideration to the complexity of the issue, or to provide speedier justice in prolonged disputes.

 

DISTRICT COURTS

 

The District Courts are the court of first instance. The District Courts are responsible for trying all the civil and criminal cases. Section 7 of the Administration of Justice Act of 1991 has empowered the District Courts to try all the cases under their respective jurisdiction.

 

Execution of Judgements

 

Tahasildar (Execution Official) of the court is responsible for executing final judicial decisions of the Courts. Keeping coordination with the District Judge she/he has to collect the fine and imprison the offenders sentenced in the criminal offenses. Besides, she/he has to execute the final judgements delivered on various form of civil claims by providing damage, compensation, entitlement, partition, maintenance, monetary payments and so on (whichever applicable) to the concerned.

 

Administration

 

The Registrar has to look into the management of the Court under the general guidance of the District Judge. The Registrar is assisted by the officials representing various sections of the Court. She/he is also responsible to receive the petitions and litigation and complete the procedural requirements as specified by the law.